单例模式:保证一个类仅有一个实例,并提供一个访问他的全局访问点。
实现某个类只有一个实例的途径:
1,让一个全局变量使得一个对象被访问,但是他不能防止外部实例化多个对象。
2,让类自身保存他的唯一实例,这个类可以保证没有其他实例可以被创建。
首先,方法一:
class Singleton(type):
def __init__(cls, name, bases, dict):
super(Singleton, cls).__init__(name, bases, dict)
cls.instance = None
def __call__(cls, *args, **kw):
if cls.instance is None:
cls.instance = super(Singleton, cls).__call__(*args, **kw)
return cls.instance
class MyClass(object):
__metaclass__ = Singleton
print MyClass()
print MyClass()
方法二:使用装饰器(decorator)
def singleton(cls, *args, **kw):
instances = {}
def _singleton():
if cls not in instances:
instances[cls] = cls(*args, **kw)
return instances[cls]
return _singleton
@singleton
class MyClass(object):
a = 1
def __init__(self, x=0):
self.x = x
one = MyClass()
two = MyClass()
two.a = 3
print one.a
#3
print id(one)
#29660784
print id(two)
#29660784
print one == two
#True
print one is two
#True
one.x = 1
print one.x
#1
print two.x
方法三:使用metaclass元类来实现
class Singleton2(type):
def __init__(cls, name, bases, dict):
super(Singleton2, cls).__init__(name, bases, dict)
cls._instance = None
def __call__(cls, *args, **kw):
if cls._instance is None:
cls._instance = super(Singleton2, cls).__call__(*args, **kw)
return cls._instance
class MyClass(object):
__metaclass__ = Singleton2
one = MyClass()
two = MyClass()
two.a = 3
print one.a
#3
print id(one)
#31495472
print id(two)
#31495472
print one == two
#True
print one is two
#True
方法四:通过共享属性来实现,所谓共享属性,最简单直观的方法就是通过dict属性指向同一个字典dict
class Borg(object):
_state = {}
def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
ob = super(Borg, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kw)
ob.__dict__ = cls._state
return ob
class MyClass(Borg):
a = 1
one = MyClass()
two = MyClass()
#one和two是两个不同的对象,id, ==, is对比结果可看出
two.a = 3
print one.a
#3
print id(one)
#28873680
print id(two)
#28873712
print one == two
#False
print one is two
#False
#但是one和two具有相同的(同一个__dict__属性),见:
print id(one.__dict__)
#30104000
print id(two.__dict__)
从本质上来讲,方法一二三都属于一种单例化模式的方法,与第四种不同,所以认为python中有两种或四种方法实现单例模式都可以。