Python单例模式

单例模式:保证一个类仅有一个实例,并提供一个访问他的全局访问点。
实现某个类只有一个实例的途径:
1,让一个全局变量使得一个对象被访问,但是他不能防止外部实例化多个对象。
2,让类自身保存他的唯一实例,这个类可以保证没有其他实例可以被创建。

首先,方法一:

class Singleton(type):  
    def __init__(cls, name, bases, dict):  
    super(Singleton, cls).__init__(name, bases, dict)  
    cls.instance = None  

    def __call__(cls, *args, **kw):  
    if cls.instance is None:  
        cls.instance = super(Singleton, cls).__call__(*args, **kw)  
        return cls.instance  

class MyClass(object):  
    __metaclass__ = Singleton  

print MyClass()  
print MyClass()  

方法二:使用装饰器(decorator)

def singleton(cls, *args, **kw):    
    instances = {}    
    def _singleton():    
        if cls not in instances:    
            instances[cls] = cls(*args, **kw)    
        return instances[cls]    
    return _singleton    

@singleton    
class MyClass(object):    
    a = 1    
    def __init__(self, x=0):    
        self.x = x    

one = MyClass()    
two = MyClass()    

two.a = 3    
print one.a    
#3    
print id(one)    
#29660784    
print id(two)    
#29660784    
print one == two    
#True    
print one is two    
#True    
one.x = 1    
print one.x    
#1    
print two.x  

方法三:使用metaclass元类来实现

class Singleton2(type):    
    def __init__(cls, name, bases, dict):    
        super(Singleton2, cls).__init__(name, bases, dict)    
        cls._instance = None    
    def __call__(cls, *args, **kw):    
        if cls._instance is None:    
            cls._instance = super(Singleton2, cls).__call__(*args, **kw)    
        return cls._instance    

class MyClass(object):    
    __metaclass__ = Singleton2    

one = MyClass()    
two = MyClass()    

two.a = 3    
print one.a    
#3    
print id(one)    
#31495472    
print id(two)    
#31495472    
print one == two    
#True    
print one is two    
#True    

方法四:通过共享属性来实现,所谓共享属性,最简单直观的方法就是通过dict属性指向同一个字典dict

class Borg(object):    
    _state = {}    
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):    
        ob = super(Borg, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kw)    
        ob.__dict__ = cls._state    
        return ob    

class MyClass(Borg):    
    a = 1    

one = MyClass()    
two = MyClass()    

#one和two是两个不同的对象,id, ==, is对比结果可看出    
two.a = 3    
print one.a    
#3    
print id(one)    
#28873680    
print id(two)    
#28873712    
print one == two    
#False    
print one is two    
#False    
#但是one和two具有相同的(同一个__dict__属性),见:    
print id(one.__dict__)    
#30104000    
print id(two.__dict__)    

从本质上来讲,方法一二三都属于一种单例化模式的方法,与第四种不同,所以认为python中有两种或四种方法实现单例模式都可以。


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